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童年是进化的模拟退火方式：探索开发紧张关系的生命史视角
Childhood Is Evolution’s Way of Performing Simulated Annealing: A life history perspective on explore-exploit tensions |
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| 课程网址: |
http://videolectures.net/rldm2015_gopnik_simulated_annealing/
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| 主讲教师: |
Alison Gopnik
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| 开课单位: |
加州大学伯克利分校
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| 开课时间: |
2015-07-28
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| 课程语种: |
英语
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| 中文简介: |
认知发展存在着根本的紧张。幼儿在计划、决策、执行功能和注意力集中等方面都存在严重的局限性，这些能力大致包括前额控制。然而，幼儿也是一个优秀的学习者，以惊人的准确性构建了日常的身心世界理论。我建议，儿童在决策方面的局限性实际上可能对他们的优越学习负一定责任。这一论点与强化学习过程中涉及“探索/利用”权衡的论点类似。快速有效决策所涉及的技能与那些参与构建世界上普遍准确模型的人是紧张的，尽管这些模型对于形成正确的决策至关重要。我将描述一些实证研究，表明年轻学习者比年长的学习者更善于推断不寻常或不可能的因果假设，这将表明这既反映了他们对先前知识的偏见较小，又反映了他们更广泛和创造性地搜索假设空间的事实。人类儿童的独特的长期不成熟可能反映出一种进化战略，在这种战略中，在这种战略中，允许广泛探索和学习的保护期先于作出准确决策的必要性。
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| 课程简介: |
There is a fundamental tension in cognitive development. Young children have severe limitations in planning, decision-making, executive function and attentional focus, roughly those abilities that involve prefrontal control. Yet young children are also prodigious learners, constructing everyday theories of the physical and psychological world with remarkable accuracy. I will suggest that children’s limitations in decision-making may actually be responsible in part for their superior learning. The argument is similar to that involving “explore/exploit” trade-offs in the course of reinforcement learning. The skills involved in swift efficient decision-making are in tension with those involved in constructing generally accurate models of the world — although those models are essential for forming the right decisions. I will describe several empirical studies showing that younger learners are better at inferring unusual or unlikely causal hypotheses than older learners, and will suggest that this reflects both the fact that they are less biased by prior knowledge and that they search hypothesis spaces more widely and creatively. The distinctive long immaturity of human children may reflect an evolutionary strategy in which a protected period allowing wide exploration and learning precedes the necessity for accurate decision-making.
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| 关 键 词: |
认知发展; 童年; 幼儿发展
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| 课程来源: |
视频讲座网
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| 数据采集: |
2020-11-22：yxd
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| 最后编审: |
2020-11-22：yxd
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| 阅读次数: |
21
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