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语言能力的生物学：完善、过去与未来

The Biology of the Language Faculty: Its Perfection, Past and Future
课程网址: http://videolectures.net/mitworld_chomsky_blf/  
主讲教师: Noam Chomsky
开课单位: 麻省理工学院
开课时间: 2012-02-10
课程语种: 英语
中文简介:

诺姆·乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky）围绕着许多语法系列的工作而展开，使听众可以窥见他自己思想的演变，并着重于在计算方面起主要作用的语言学领域。

乔姆斯基简要概述了50年前开始出现的基于生物学的语言学的关键组成部分：首先是与外部环境相互作用的遗传语言end赋（通用语法），其次是个人的发展和学习策略。乔姆斯基说，虽然UG被称为“有争议的”，但“替代品就是魔术”，因为必须考虑到以下事实：“我的孙女选择了一部分与语言有关的环境，并且在养宠物时几乎反身地发展了一种语言。暴露于完全相同数据的小猫，黑猩猩或鸣鸟没有迈出第一步，也没有想到要迈出第二步。”

Chomsky链接了涉及建筑和原理的语言的第三个因素基本数据获取的自然规律可能普遍适用于生物学，而不是专门针对语言。研究表明，在50到10万年前，人类在认知能力上发生了突然的进化飞跃。语言似乎在这个时候出现了。乔姆斯基说，虽然长期演进会导致极大的复杂性，但像这样的突然跨越往往会产生“一些简单，几乎完美的完美解决方案，以解决出现时所处环境和条件所带来的设计问题……”乔姆斯基认为，这项提议被称为强极简主义理论（SMT），它为研究语言的复杂性提供了一种可行的方法。 “检查松散地称为语言的现象的范围，然后尝试解开它们的一部分，使它们的某些部分或多或少地符合SMT”，这可能是有益的。乔姆斯基说，在这里，计算效率问题可能起着压倒性的作用。

乔姆斯基将SMT与转换语法联系在一起，这是他的语言理论中长期存在的组成部分。他指出：“一种简单形式的转换语法只是最佳系统，如果您没有，就必须争论为什么不这样做。”设计良好的系统应具有简单，合理的属性。他建议“摒弃通用语法的规定属性，并提出解决特定问题的技术，以了解您可以多么接近地证明语言确实接近于完美的设计，鉴于似乎是进化的，这是自然的期望历史。”

课程简介: Noam Chomsky, around whose work much of the Syntax series revolves, gives listeners a glimpse into the evolution of his own thinking, with an emphasis on areas of linguistics where computational considerations play a major role. Chomsky briefly outlines the key components of a biologically based linguistics that began to emerge 50 years ago: first, a genetic language endowment (Universal Grammar), which interacts with the external environment, and second, the individual’s development and learning strategies. While UG has been called “controversial,” says Chomsky, the “alternative is magic,” since something has to account for the fact that “my granddaughter picked out part of her environment as language related, and almost reflexively developed a language while her pet kitten, a chimp or songbird, exposed to exactly the same data, didn’t take the first step and couldn’t conceivably take the second.” Chomsky links a third factor of language involving architecture and the principles underlying data acquisition to natural laws that may apply generally in biology, and not specifically to language. Research suggests that between 50 and 100 thousand years ago, humans made an abrupt evolutionary leap forward in cognitive capacity. Language seems to have emerged at this time. While long-term evolution can lead to great complexity, a sudden leap like this, says Chomsky, tends to yield something “simple, almost perfect -- a perfect solution to design problems imposed by circumstances and conditions prevailing at the time of emergence...” This proposal has been dubbed the Strong Minimalist Theory (SMT), and offers a plausible approach to studying the complexity of language, believes Chomsky. It might prove profitable to “examine the range of phenomena that fall under what’s loosely called language,” and try to “disentangle them so some parts of them conform more or less to SMT.” And here, says Chomsky, issues of computational efficiency play perhaps an overwhelming role. Chomsky links SMT to transformational grammar, a long-standing component of his linguistic theory. He states that “a simple form of transformational grammar is just the optimal system, and if you don’t have it, you’d have to have an argument as to why you don’t.” Well-designed systems should have simple, sensible properties. He recommends “chipping away at the stipulated properties of Universal Grammar, and technologies proposed to deal with particular problems to see how closely you can show that language does approximate to the perfect design that would be a natural expectation in light of what appears to be evolutionary history.”
关 键 词: 语法; 语言; 转换
课程来源: 视频讲座网
数据采集: 2020-11-02：yxd
最后编审: 2021-09-15：zyk
阅读次数: 45

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