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通过词典和语料库进行法律解释:法官能通过词典编纂101吗?

Legal Interpretation via Dictionaries and Corpora: Can Judges Pass Lexicography 101?
课程网址: http://videolectures.net/euralex2018_finegan_interpretation/  
主讲教师: Edward Finegan
开课单位: 南加州大学
开课时间: 2018-07-27
课程语种: 英语
中文简介:

在美国,包括最高法院法官在内的上诉法院法官越来越多地引用通用词典的定义,以书面方式解决诉讼人向下级法院提出上诉的问题。尽管法官挑选字典或感觉似乎可以证明预先确定的结论是不足为奇的,但最近的研究强调了这样一个事实,即意见有时反映出司法上对字典的编纂方式,条目中的感觉如何排序甚至是事实的无知。字典在微观结构上有所不同。换句话说,一些司法意见反映出对基本字典使用的了解不足。随着各种语料库的可用性以及在法律环境中对语料库的了解的增加,法官们最近开始引用语料库证据,他们认为其中一些证据是临时的,美国最高法院最近提交的摘要也引用了语料库证据。 。这些早期阶段的行动,即使不脱离字典,在法律背景下解决普通文本意义的问题时,当然也趋向于语料库,不应使观察员感到乐观。尽管依靠语料库有可能有优势,甚至偶尔需要(例如,在历史文献中),但没有词典编纂者或语料库语言学家应将这种转向语料库视为寻求上下文相关术语的一般含义的法官的未受祝福。本演示文稿确定了法官通常调用字典定义的方式以及他们有时会采取的错误步骤。它还描述了最近依赖于语料库而不是词典的法院意见,以及那里明显的某些失误。我将争辩说,如果仅由法院和法律专家任职,在法律环境中转向语料库追求普通含义将被证明是有害的。在法律环境下转向语料库要求词法学家和语料库语言学家积极参与,以确保通过使用词典作为努力争取有效文本解释的手段,这种转变得到改善。

课程简介: Appellate court judges in the U.S., including those on the Supreme Court, increasingly cite definitions from general dictionaries in their written opinions addressing issues that litigants have appealed from lower courts. While judges' cherry picking of dictionaries or of senses that appear to justify a predetermined conclusion is perhaps not surprising, recent research has highlighted the fact that opinions sometimes reflect judicial ignorance about how dictionaries are compiled, how senses are ordered within entries, even the fact that dictionaries differ in their micro-structural organization. In other words, some judicial opinions reflect inadequate knowledge of basic dictionary use. With the availability of a variety of corpora and increasing acquaintance with their use in legal settings, judges have recently begun citing corpus evidence, some of it manifestly ad hoc, in their opinions, and briefs filed before the U.S. Supreme Court have recently cited corpus evidence. These early stages of a move, if not away from dictionaries, certainly toward corpora in addressing questions of ordinary textual meaning in legal contexts should not leave observers sanguine. Despite possible advantages in relying on corpora and even occasional necessity (for example, in historical documents), no lexicographer or corpus linguist should regard this turn to corpora as an unalloyed blessing for judges seeking ordinary meaning of contextualized terms. This presentation identifies ways in which judges typically invoke dictionary definitions and the missteps they sometimes take. It also describes recent court opinions that rely on corpora instead of dictionaries and certain missteps apparent there. I will argue that the turn to corpora in pursuit of ordinary meaning in legal settings, if left solely to the courts and legal experts, will prove detrimental. The turn to corpora in legal settings calls for active involvement by lexicographers and corpus linguists to help ensure that such a turn improves upon the use of dictionaries as aids in striving for valid textual interpretation.
关 键 词: 语言; 语境; 词典
课程来源: 视频讲座网
数据采集: 2020-11-02:yxd
最后编审: 2020-11-03:zyk
阅读次数: 65