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童年是进化进行模拟退火的方式：从生命史的角度探讨儿童问题
Childhood Is Evolution’s Way of Performing Simulated Annealing: A life history perspective on explore-exploit tensions |
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| 课程网址: |
http://videolectures.net/rldm2015_gopnik_simulated_annealing/
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| 主讲教师: |
Alison Gopnik
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| 开课单位: |
加州大学伯克利分校
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| 开课时间: |
2015-07-28
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| 课程语种: |
英语
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| 中文简介: |
认知发展中存在着一种基本的张力。幼儿在计划、决策、执行功能和注意力集中方面有严重的局限性，大致上是指那些涉及前额叶控制的能力。然而，年幼的孩子也是一个了不起的学习者，他们以惊人的准确性构建了日常的物理和心理世界理论。我认为，孩子们在决策上的局限性实际上可能是他们优秀学习的部分原因。这个论点类似于强化学习过程中的“探索/利用”权衡。快速有效决策所涉及的技能与构建世界一般精确模型所涉及的技能之间存在紧张关系——尽管这些模型对于形成正确的决策至关重要。我将描述几项实证研究，这些研究表明，较年轻的学习者比较年长的学习者更善于推断不寻常或不太可能的因果假设，并认为这既反映了他们较少受到先前知识的偏见，也反映了他们更广泛和创造性地搜索假设空间的事实。人类儿童特有的长期不成熟可能反映了一种进化策略，在这种策略中，允许广泛探索和学习的保护期先于作出准确决策的必要性。
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| 课程简介: |
There is a fundamental tension in cognitive development. Young children have severe limitations in planning, decision-making, executive function and attentional focus, roughly those abilities that involve prefrontal control. Yet young children are also prodigious learners, constructing everyday theories of the physical and psychological world with remarkable accuracy. I will suggest that children’s limitations in decision-making may actually be responsible in part for their superior learning. The argument is similar to that involving “explore/exploit” trade-offs in the course of reinforcement learning. The skills involved in swift efficient decision-making are in tension with those involved in constructing generally accurate models of the world — although those models are essential for forming the right decisions. I will describe several empirical studies showing that younger learners are better at inferring unusual or unlikely causal hypotheses than older learners, and will suggest that this reflects both the fact that they are less biased by prior knowledge and that they search hypothesis spaces more widely and creatively. The distinctive long immaturity of human children may reflect an evolutionary strategy in which a protected period allowing wide exploration and learning precedes the necessity for accurate decision-making.
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| 关 键 词: |
童年; 幼儿; 学习者
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| 课程来源: |
视频讲座网
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| 数据采集: |
2021-01-04：yxd
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| 最后编审: |
2021-01-04：yxd
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| 阅读次数: |
32
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