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童年是进化的模拟退火方式：探索开发紧张关系的生命史视角
Childhood Is Evolution’s Way of Performing Simulated Annealing: A life history perspective on explore-exploit tensions |
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| 课程网址: |
http://videolectures.net/rldm2015_gopnik_simulated_annealing/
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| 主讲教师: |
Alison Gopnik
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| 开课单位: |
加州大学伯克利分校
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| 开课时间: |
2015-07-28
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| 课程语种: |
英语
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| 中文简介: |
认知发展中存在着根本性的紧张。幼儿在计划、决策、执行功能和注意力集中方面都有严重的局限性，这些能力大体上都涉及到前额控制。然而，幼儿也是一个了不起的学习者，他们以惊人的准确度构建了关于生理和心理世界的日常理论。我认为孩子们在决策方面的局限性实际上可能是他们学习能力出众的部分原因。这种观点与强化学习过程中涉及“探索/利用”权衡的观点类似。快速有效的决策所涉及的技能与那些构建普遍准确的世界模型的技能之间存在着紧张关系，尽管这些模型对于形成正确的决策至关重要。我将描述几项实证研究，这些研究表明，较年轻的学习者比年长的学习者更善于推断不寻常或不太可能的因果假设，并将表明这既反映了这样一个事实，即他们较少受到先验知识的偏见，也反映了他们更广泛和创造性地搜索假设空间。人类儿童独特的长时间不成熟可能反映了一种进化策略，在这种策略中，允许广泛探索和学习的保护期先于准确决策的必要性。
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| 课程简介: |
There is a fundamental tension in cognitive development. Young children have severe limitations in planning, decision-making, executive function and attentional focus, roughly those abilities that involve prefrontal control. Yet young children are also prodigious learners, constructing everyday theories of the physical and psychological world with remarkable accuracy. I will suggest that children’s limitations in decision-making may actually be responsible in part for their superior learning. The argument is similar to that involving “explore/exploit” trade-offs in the course of reinforcement learning. The skills involved in swift efficient decision-making are in tension with those involved in constructing generally accurate models of the world — although those models are essential for forming the right decisions. I will describe several empirical studies showing that younger learners are better at inferring unusual or unlikely causal hypotheses than older learners, and will suggest that this reflects both the fact that they are less biased by prior knowledge and that they search hypothesis spaces more widely and creatively. The distinctive long immaturity of human children may reflect an evolutionary strategy in which a protected period allowing wide exploration and learning precedes the necessity for accurate decision-making.
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| 关 键 词: |
童年; 进化; 生命史
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| 课程来源: |
视频讲座网
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| 数据采集: |
2020-12-14：yxd
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| 最后编审: |
2020-12-14：yxd
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| 阅读次数: |
34
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